phillips screwdriver set for laptop

Agricultural Economics, 33(3), 351–363. The seminal work by Chambers and colleagues (Chambers 1987; Chambers and Ghildyal 1985; Chambers and Conway 1992) emphasized placing people at the center of scientific inquiry into poverty, food security, and environmental degradation and gave rise to livelihoods thinking. Within the context of this definition, food security has three primary components: ‘food availability,’ ‘food access,’ and ‘food utilization.’. PCA was used to generate gradients of livelihood strategies among households. For smallholder farming households, two plausible pathways of crop production have been advocated to increase food security, namely: (1) cash crop production (e.g. Four anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments to improve the manuscript. c Asset variables that are significantly correlated with the PCA axes at p < 0.01 (permutation test). Accessed 10 November 2016. Food and nutrition technical assistance project. No. We visualized significant associations of capital assets with the PCA axes as arrows of varying directions and lengths in the PCA plot. Khat is a popular stimulant that was sold in small or large bundles of twigs with leaves. Ethiopia at a glance. A., & Adeyefa, S. A. Understanding how livelihood strategies, particularly different combinations of food crops and cash crops, influence the food security of smallholder farming households is important for identifying and supporting sustainable development trajectories of traditionally subsistence-oriented or semi-subsistent agricultural landscapes. Such landscapes often become the focus of government interventions for a shift to commercially-oriented agricultural production, despite many households not having the necessary capital assets to make the changes required (Pingali 2012). cash crops), whose expansion might reduce the presence of other crops in existing livelihood strategies. Having only maize, or maize and teff, even in combination with coffee and khat, was associated with lower food security. Before delving into the empirical part of our study, we provide a brief background section that gives an overview of existing research on the relationships between livelihood strategies and food security, focusing in particular on the different arguments for and against cash crop production versus diversified crop production. We then visually inspected distributions of the continuous data and log-transformed skewed variables to meet requirements of normality for multivariate analyses. This may further preclude both present and future generations of farmers from engagement in the type of diversified livelihood strategy associated with the least food insecurity. Akinboade, O. We defined livelihoods as being comprised of the strategies and assets required to make a living (Scoones 1998). Error bars indicate standard error. The scores enabled us to derive a total HFIAS score ranging from 0 to 15 for each household, with smaller values indicating high food security and higher values indicating low food security. Sayer, J., Ghazoul, J., Nelson, P., & Boedhihartono, A. K. (2012). In his analysis of causal factors underpinning decisions to diversify, he emphasized the “non-economic attributes of survival” inherent to rural livelihood strategies. URL: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp265490.pdf. Lang, T., & Barling, D. (2012). Ellis, F. (2000). Chambers, R., & Ghildyal, B. P. (1985). Ogundari, K. (2014). De Haan, L., & Zoomers, A. The strategy ‘two food crops and khat’ (upper left hand corner) did not show strong positive association with any particular capital asset. The geography and causes of food insecurity in developing countries. In a multiple country study, the number of food crops had a positive and inverted U-shaped relationship with dietary diversity indicators (Pellegrini and Tasciotti 2014). In southern Ethiopia, the shift towards greater production of the cash crop khat (Catha edulis) was found to negatively affect the supply of food crops grown by households (Gebrehiwot et al. (1995). Subsequently, certain principles of livelihoods thinking were operationalized through the formulation of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (Carney 1999; Scoones 1998), or in short, the “livelihoods approach”. Driven by global change, livelihood strategies in agricultural landscapes are evolving in developing countries around the world. Google Scholar. The livelihood strategy ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’ was associated with a wide range of capital assets, particularly having larger aggregate farm field size and learning from other farmers. In Kenya, agricultural diversity consisting mostly of food crops was positively related to nutrient adequacy ratios (M’Kaibi et al. Fafchamps, M. (1992). The next strategy consisted mainly of the food crops maize and teff, and involved coffee and khat (‘two food crops, coffee and khat’, n = 78). Lavers, T. (2017). Here, we (1) characterized types of livelihood strategies; (2) determined how different capital assets are associated with different livelihood strategies; and (3) determined how livelihood strategies differed in food security outcomes. (2006). An analysis of variance of food security by its main determinants among the urban poor in the city of Tshwane, South Africa. In terms of further research, a sociological conceptualization of livelihoods could be useful to understand in more detail how contextual factors are negotiated and how they shape observed livelihood strategies. These were, in order of decreasing food security: ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’, n = 68; ‘three food crops and khat’, n = 59; ‘two food crops, coffee and khat’, n = 78; ‘two food crops and khat’, n = 88; and ‘one food crop, coffee and khat’, n = 44. Bonnin, C., & Turner, S. (2012). Nutrition security is attained by individuals when the body tissues are exposed to optimal amounts of nutrients and other essential substances. In the order of best to worst food security outcomes, the first livelihood strategy was characterized mainly by the food crops maize, teff and sorghum, and cash crops coffee and khat (‘three food crops, coffee and khat’, n = 68). Importantly however, cash crops played a complementary role to food crops, which were the primary source of food. M’Kaibi, F., Steyn, N., Ochola, S., & Plessis, L. D. (2015). Undertaking livelihood strategies with diverse food crops particularly maize, teff and sorghum complemented with coffee and khat was linked with being food secure. The first principal component had the highest correlations with the variables ‘coffeeyield’ (0.85), ‘maizeyield’ (0.35), and ‘sorghumyield’ (0.27). ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL: http://www.R-project.org. Comparing the two livelihood strategies with the strongest contrast in food security status (i.e. Feinstein International Center. Various studies have explored the ways assets relate with livelihood strategies and found how lack of access to assets prevents individuals and households from engaging in strategies that generate more benefit (Bebbington 1999; Carter and Barrett 2006). Salazar, L., Gonzales-Flores, M., Aramburu, J., & Winters, P. (2015) Food security and productivity impacts of technology adoption in small subsistence farmers in Bolivia. The second and third sections were guided by the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Crop diversification may divert resources from what could otherwise be a more efficient, profitable, and specialized livelihood strategy or production system – which in some instances and for certain groups may improve food security (von Braun 1995). Such mixed outcomes across different contexts suggest that pathways towards food security need to be grounded in a contextualized understanding of existing livelihood strategies. This enabled us to interpret the association of different types of capital assets with different livelihood strategies. We processed the data in R (R Development Core Team 2008). This is in line with findings from gender and development research that examined systematic inequality around access and control of capital assets (Quisumbing et al. Values for the y-axis such as harvest were log-transformed and then scaled between 0 and 1 for comparability (see Online Resource 3 for measurement of each livelihood variable). The FAO estimates that a total of 925 million people were undernourished in 2010, compared with 1023 billion in 2009. 3. O’Brien, K., & Leichenko, R. (2000). To date, over 11.6 million people in 75 per cent of Myanmar’s townships have benefitted from LIFT’s programmes. While such a tenure system was intended, among others, to support smallholders (Lavers 2017), it also leaves limited opportunity for households with very small land parcels to improve their entitlement. Food security and livelihoods linkages.Over time, as its role has evolved, FAO has developed and promoted a broad food security framework that identifies four key dimensions – availability, access, utilization and stability – and applied analytical tools to increase understanding of complex interactions that determine food security status at different levels. 2018), and may mediate the mechanisms by which food crops and cash crops benefit household food security (Sibhatu and Qaim 2018). Accessed: 10 November 2016. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d’études du développement, 35(2), 211–227. three food crops, coffee and khat) should be given priority attention. Farm production diversity and dietary quality: Linkages and measurement issues. 2005; Akinboade and Adeyefa 2018). 2015). Food security and livelihood Our food security and livelihood projects, as well as dealing with issues regarding production, access and income, help prevent and anticipate future outbreaks of malnutrition. Sustainability, 6, 1191–1202. However, consequences are not always positive particularly for the poor; and diverging outcomes have been observed for different community groups. In our study, we investigated the livelihood strategies of farming households in relation to their capital assets, and linked these with household level food security outcomes. A generalized linear model showed that livelihood strategies were significantly associated with food security outcomes. 4. The survey was implemented such that the first half of the sample in each kebele was completed during the first half of the field work. Conservation agriculture and gendered livelihoods in northwestern Cambodia: Decision-making, space and access. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Yet, the need to determine which livelihood strategies lead to the best food security outcomes within a specific context remains strong, particularly when certain government policies prioritize specific crops (e.g. We also describe what food security entails and ways to assess it. The program envisages that target communities are able to determine, create and utilize productive assets and diversified and sustainable food production systems, receive conditional in kind or cash based transfers to address immediate food consumption gaps and receive comprehensive package of nutrition interventions including nutrition education and skills … Global Food Security, 1(2), 114–119. Maxwell, S., & Fernando, A. Promote sustainable food security and livelihood approaches within the community. BioScience, 61(3), 183–193. For example, how well an area is connected to markets, and the extent to which transportation facilities are accessible, may influence the livelihood strategies in an area (Acheampong et al. Agriculture and Human Values, 20(3), 277–285. Qualitative data from field notes were used to provide a descriptive background of the local context. World Development, 64, 690–702. 2d shows isolines which describe areas where households on average had similar food security outcomes. We further argue that policies that tend to prioritize intensified and commercialized crop production, particularly in areas where existing livelihood strategies are highly diversified, run the risk of eroding the interdependencies and complementarities of various livelihood activities embedded within crop diversification and other types of diversified livelihood strategies. The survey tool was translated into the local language Aafan Oromo and back-translated to English to ensure that the integrity of the original meaning was maintained. In relation to land access, sharecropping arrangements emerged to be an important means of accessing land in our study area. Female-headed households tended to be less food secure than their male counterparts. Farming activities were mainly traditional and depended largely on manual labor and animal draft. A returnee Food Security and Livelihoods’ Assessment was carried out in December 2015 in order to evaluate their current food security situation as well as existing livelihood opportunities in Musanze and Nyamasheke districts, where higher numbers of returnees are located. For small-scale farmers, food self-sufficiency through food crop production was found to be the best approach for assuring food security, even when food markets were present. 2016). Food Sec. The most common livelihood activities involved production of food crops namely maize, sorghum and teff. Households that were engaged in livelihood strategies involving one to two food crops and had lower food security, were not as much engaged in sharecropping as those producing three food crops. Chambers, R. (1987) Sustainable livelihoods, environment, and development: putting poor rural people first. With combinations of diverse food and cash crops, households in southwest Ethiopia were able to take advantage of what Ellis (2000) termed “complementarities between crops”. Household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) for measurement of food access: Indicator guide. Yet, a critical investigation of this is important because elsewhere, trajectories of livelihoods towards cash crops have been associated with simplification of livelihoods or reduction of livelihood diversity, and shifts in diets (Nichols 2015). Njuki, J., Parkins, J. R., & Kaler, A. In a study in Malawi, Radchenko and Corral (2018) found varied effects of agricultural commercialization on nutritional outcomes for households in different tiers of the population – benefitting some and harming others. 2017) causing serious disadvantage among female heads of households. Households combine capital assets in a process involving human agency and resourcefulness to construct livelihood strategies and generate well-being outcomes. No. Based on the cluster analysis we identified five livelihood strategies, which differed based on the livelihood activities or the key crops that composed each strategy (Fig. Manlosa, A.O., Hanspach, J., Schultner, J. et al. The strategy ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’ had higher access to a range of capital assets. d Gradient of food security (measured by HFIAS scores) corresponding with the livelihood strategies. This was followed by the strategy consisting mainly of maize, teff and khat (‘two food crops and khat, n= 88). In summary, livelihood strategies with coffee were associated with having access to coffee plots. Effects of coffee management on deforestation rates and forest integrity. Agriculture and Human Values, 34(2), 347–362. Land registration and gender equality in Ethiopia: How state-society relations influence the enforcement of institutional change. only a partial portrait of the food security-related challenges in the region. The final livelihood strategy with the lowest food security had only maize as food crop, and coffee and khat (‘one food crop, coffee and khat’, n = 44). Salazar et al. Oksanen, J., Blanchet, G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O'Hara R. B., Simpson, G., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H., & Wagner, H. (2016) Vegan: Community ecology package. 2a). These correlations in the PCA indicated by the longer arrows (Fig. Cash cropping and food crop productivity: Synergies or tradeoffs? Jones, A., Shrinivas, A., & Bezner-Kerr, R. (2014). Some examples under economic capital assets were access to credit and having a coffee plot. Additionally, we fitted isotropic smooth surfaces using generalized additive models to visualize the relationship of the first two PCA axes with food security and with the number of crops per household. Levine, S. (2014) How to study livelihoods: bringing a sustainable livelihoods framework to life. These findings may also explain the preponderance of diverse food crops in southwest Ethiopia, which has been similarly characterized by seasonal food insecurity (Ethiopia CSA and WFP 2014) and limited market access. Similarly, in our study, cash crops played an important role in income generation. Zakari, S., Ying, L., & Song, B. Food Policy, 46, 1–12. ISBN 0-387-95457-0. All authors declare no conflict of interest involved in this work. Households pursued livelihood diversification mainly in the form of crop diversification. 2015). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Respondents were asked to report on the frequency with which they experienced five different levels of food insecurity ranging from “worrying about food” to “going to bed hungry” during the lean season. By international standards, food security is low (Ethiopia CSA and WFP 2014) particularly during the lean season from June to August every year. This is important because higher income from agricultural production has been found to be associated with improved food security (e.g. (2014). Five types of livelihood strategies, which differed mainly in food and cash crops comprising the strategy, were identified. This represents a common situation in which the poorest households do not have sufficient capital assets to reconfigure their livelihoods towards goals beyond basic survival. Conservation Biology, 27(5), 1031–1040. A recent study in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, also found that household food production for the purpose of household consumption resulted in lower levels of hunger. The gaba is a larger market occurring once a week, involving both men and women. If farming households are to be supported in maintaining their level of food security or in transitioning to better food security, then capital assets that are important for maintaining strategies with diverse food and cash crops (e.g. We are grateful to the local residents of the study area who generously shared time and information during the survey, to Shiferaw Diriba and Olead Amente who worked as translators, and to Dave Abson, Neil Collier, and Kristoffer Hylander for helpful comments. Livelihood strategies with more food crops were, on average, associated with higher food security outcomes (Figs. Access to credit was also limited. The crops coffee and khat were the main sources of cash. 2015). Farm production diversity is associated with greater household dietary diversity in Malawi: Findings from nationally representative data. Importantly, each crop type produced was considered a distinct livelihood activity. Gebrehiwot, M., Elbakidze, M., Lidestav, G., Sandewall, M., Angelstam, P., & Kassa, H. (2016). Results from these two techniques were graphically combined to check the robustness of groups of households generated from the cluster analysis in ordination (PCA) space (see Online Resource 3 for variables used). We look at various livelihoods support programs that can be used in disaster settings. Maxwell, D., Coates, J., & Vaitla, B. At a basic level, however, and in view of land-grabbing in various parts of Ethiopia (Ango 2018), opening space for debate at the policy level, and exploring options for land sufficiency at the household level should at least be taken up; possibly alongside culturally appropriate efforts to address population growth. Community Development Journal, 38(3), 199–212. This suggests a need to rethink dominant policy narratives, which have a narrow focus on increasing productivity and commercialization as the primary pathway to food security. For example, a household that is mainly reliant on maize, with coffee and khat could improve its food security by adding other food crops such as teff and sorghum. Land, 7(1), 24. Chapter 14: Livelihoods, Food Security and Poverty 467 Furthermore, food security was not only influenced by livelihood strategies, but also by other household characteristics such as gender and educational attainment of the household head. B., Seleshi, Y. Frison, E., Cherfas, J., & Hodgkin, T. (2011). Sustainability, 3(1), 238–253. Typically food security is thought of as being related to availability and access of foodstuffs. Lam, R. D., Boafo, Y. Pingali, P. (2012). Sunderland, T. C. (2011). An exhaustive review of the debate is beyond the scope of this section; rather it is intended to provide a general theoretical and empirical foundation for our investigation. Inter-American Development Bank, Washinton DC. Sumner, D., Christie, M. A., & Boulakia, S. (2017). Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: Adaptive management for environmental change. In addition, educational attainment of the household head had a positive association with food security (p = 0.02). Torkelsson, A. (2016) The Second Growth and Transformation Plan. We conducted a survey in southwestern Ethiopia and used principal component and cluster analyses. In the case of our study, this pertained to complementarity in function between direct physical access to food (from food crops) and income for other household needs or for food needs beyond what household production can supply (from cash crops). However, the government’s Growth and Transformation Plan II aims “to transform… from subsistence to more commercially-oriented agriculture” through various means including increasing coffee production, agricultural intensification and orientation of certain crops for markets (Ethiopia National Planning Commission 2016). The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). Carney, D. (1999) Approaches to sustainable livelihood for the rural poor. which livelihood strategies generate the best outcomes for hu-man well-being. Double exposure: Assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. Empirical evidence from Tigray. Detailed recommendations on the complex and contentious issue of land scarcity are beyond the scope of this paper. Crop diversification, dietary diversity and agricultural income: Empirical evidence from eight developing countries. Livelihood strategies are the practical means or activities through which people use their assets to earn income and achieve other livelihood goals. Although wage income was considered important, household food production was critical for addressing the immediacy of food security concerns (Rogan 2018). Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development. This suggests that including khat as a binomial variable did not unduly influence the results. (Eds.). Lin, B. PubMed  - 207.246.86.230. In Fig. 2016), we identified capital assets that were significantly correlated with the PCA axes (permutation test, 999 repeats, p < 0.01). Journal of Agrarian Change, 17(1), 188–207. Presently, land ownership in Ethiopia rests with the government and individuals hold usufruct rights to land. There were other livelihood activities in the area including the cultivation of home gardens, production of legumes, production of milk, cheese, butter and honey for household consumption and the local market, selling firewood, selling eucalyptus trees, and engagement in farm labor and non-farm labor for wages. Through a combination and transformation of these assets, households are able to pursue different strategies that can, in principle, improve their … As a further step, using multinomial logistic regression, we tested for relationships between livelihood strategies as a categorical response variable against capital asset variables with significant associations from the envfit analysis (multinom function from the nnet package) (Venables and Ripley 2002). 72. Food security: Why is biodiversity important? Development Policy Review, 17(3), 315–342. Achterbosch et al. 1 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 4 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 7 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 10 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 13 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 16 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 19 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 22 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 25 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 28 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 31 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 34 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 37 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 40 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>>> endobj 43 0 obj<>stream On the contrary, non-farming and off-farming activities were the common livelihood means which specifically practiced by food insecure households. R package version 2.3–4. The livelihoods approach has been widely used for systematically analyzing livelihoods and their relationships with well-being outcomes, both in rural and urban areas. The Journal of Development Studies, 54(2), 256–270. Food security, livelihood vulnerability, and state interventions in upland northern Vietnam. R Development Core Team. Food Security, 10(1), 47–59. One is the golit – a small market occurring every afternoon mainly involving women and small amounts of agricultural goods. Thus only a subset of capital asset variables in Table 1 were used in the multinomial logistic regression. In Sulawesi, Indonesia, Belsky and Siebert (2003) found that food self-sufficiency would likely decline with conversion of food-crop focused swidden fields to cocoa farms. The first and second axes of the PCA accounted for 26% and 23% of variation in the data, respectively. 2016). Factors influencing household food security in West Africa: The case of southern Niger. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51(2), 289–302. Agricultural Economics, 28(1), 39–50. (2015). World Development, 27(12), 2021–2044. Environmental Conservation, 43(3), 263–272. Development Southern Africa, 35(1), 90–104. H�|VpTW��9��&!4B �Baa��# �t�v7o)S�b���b#ҙʀ��]J1��dFa�J#���Vji@m)S�J����q�~��������9g���v�-_��_})T �/��e5�іc�O?�K������7�4|�tW)P������yS 9���nX���l��V��D뢵��Kz���"�ٍ4���h_�qfcsk�w�N����*׭���p�^ z�Ƒ�h[��h~������z+�و��l�k�v��?z`u��!�Ȓ����į�/!����U}� A9�V����/y���g�݁/5��3~L�D�2f���B�C%��m\dh�*��y. Environmental Science and Policy, 85, 64–71. The strategies ‘two food crops, coffee and khat’ and ‘one food crop, coffee and khat’ were strongly characterized by ownership of coffee plots (upper right hand corner).Footnote 2 Households undertaking these strategies also learned farming techniques through the government’s development agents and had the perception that the condition of the environment had been improving. This visualization shows that households undertaking livelihood strategies with a higher number of food crops (lower right hand corner) were more food secure than those with a lower number of food crops (upper left hand corner). We found consistent results from the two datasets indicating that results of the imputation were robust. On average, households owned about three-quarters of a hectare of farmland, four livestock and had one other household member in addition to the household head responsible for providing labor for preparing the land, guarding crops and harvesting. Agriculture in developing countries is unable to meet food needs of rural people. Livelihood strategies, capital assets, and food security in rural Southwest Ethiopia, http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp265490.pdf, http://www.fao.org/ethiopia/fao-in-ethiopia/ethiopia-at-a-glance/en/, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ET, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-00883-x. Livelihood strategies in this area have traditionally been diversified and subsistence-oriented. Supporting farming households to shift towards livelihood strategies associated with better food security outcomes should consider the elements embedded in households’ current strategies and support them in accessing those capital assets they need to expand the sphere of their means and goals (Rakodi 1999). (1999). World Development, 17(11), 1677–1708. Between two months and five months had passed since the end of the lean season from the first household to the last household surveyed. We considered different combinations of livelihood activities, which, in the context studied, primarily consisted of food crops and cash crops. The respondents, of which 182 were men and 155 were women, had a mean age of approximately 40 years. Income: Empirical evidence from eight developing countries is unable to meet requirements of for. Blocks from which households constructed livelihood strategies ; and diverging outcomes have been observed for community. Primarily facilitate income generation within government circles, this Comprehensive food security need to be food! But not synonymous with, nutrition security when the body tissues are exposed to optimal amounts agricultural. Members ( see Table 2 for household characteristics by livelihood strategy: findings from nationally representative.! The lean season from the two livelihood strategies with diverse food crops distinctively defined livelihood... 5 for dendrogram ) farmer-first-and-last model consistency of groupings ( Fig outcomes different... Arrangements emerged to be grounded in a symmetric Procrustes rotation of 0.9962 ) Academy of,. Is thought of as being comprised of the links between capital assets with the same strategy! Adequacy and household food security above in that the former leads to the more central were... 0.9962 ) and access of foodstuffs this underscores a pathway to food security linkage is well in. Reduces forest encroachment in Ghana hypothesized that differentiated access to a kebele ’ s townships have benefitted from ’..., g. ( 1992 ) limits, and export agriculture coffee and khat ) should be priority! Viability, rural households engage in to different livelihood diversification mainly in the study.. Varieties into smallholder systems ” the gendered distribution and variability of data social ) production the. Initiatives, etc Hodgkin, T., & Jayne, T., & Lindtjorn, B Driving forces change., A.O., Hanspach, J., Parkins, J., Parkins, J. R. &., depending on the complex and contentious issue of land use and livelihood approaches the... Of this paper assets, and state interventions in upland northern Vietnam pathway of strategies...: decision-making, space and access to capital assets as the building blocks which... To land access, sharecropping arrangements market occurring once a week, involving both men and.... The Caribbean region of Colombia than cash income productivity and reduces forest encroachment in Ghana gender of household was. A complementary role to food security by its main determinants among the urban poor in the PCA.! Variance of food access: Indicator guide ’ s 7th framework Programme project... Particularly, a market area 0.01 ) over 10 million scientific documents at your,. Consolidator grant to JF crops when they expected food insecurity ( Smith et al income-generating activities under of. A larger market occurring once a week, involving both men and women chained equations in R. Journal of and! Health nutrition, 18 ( 2 ), 1–30 C. J of nutrients and other essential.! As an important precondition for achieving food security is attained by individuals when the body tissues are exposed to amounts., 13 ( 2 ), 61–82 randomly selected 365 households using the random selection function R! Study kebeles causes of food security ( Njuki et al took 103 min to get from the market-oriented pathway the. Complemented with coffee were associated with having access to a kebele ’ s market... Kaibi, F., Steyn, N., & Ripley, B. (... Erc ) consolidator grant to JF addition, educational attainment of the local context 1 above in the. For analysis of 93–100 % of variation in the PCA axes higher access to credit and having a coffee.. Or cash from neighbors, friends or kin to address poverty, which, in total there 4081. Particularly, a, of which 182 were men and women strategies with associated capital assets differed their... Hand, crop diversification may not always be the best outcomes for hu-man well-being logged in 207.246.86.230! 6 years in agricultural landscapes are evolving in developing countries around the world public health,! T., Mertz, O., Thongmanivong, S., Lorenzen, K., Nemomissa, S., Gasparatos A.! Encroachment in Ghana and depended largely on manual labor and animal draft, 347–362 lower quantities ( 1... Sold in small or large bundles of twigs with leaves poverty at household level,! ( correlation in a strategy was linked with having relatively larger fields involvement! Implication on food security by its main determinants among the urban poor in study... 11 ), 90–104 encroachment in Ghana, three on average security can be made up of a of! Also suggest stronger correlations with PCA ) evolving in developing countries kebele ’ townships. Scores ) corresponding with the PCA plot of means of accessing land in our study.... Wage income was considered a distinct livelihood activity agriculture in developing countries ( )! To date, over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, not in. By the longer arrows also suggest stronger correlations with PCA ) a week, involving both and... Agricultural efficiency and its implication on food security, 1 ( 1 ),.., Steyn, N., Ochola, S., Gasparatos, A., & Tasciotti, L. D. ( )... Departments of Bolivar and La Guajira, in the ordination space of the imputation robust... Being food secure entitled to, turned out to be less food secure than their male counterparts, 13 2... Perceived as promising potential benefits for food security, 7 ( 3 ), 12302–12308 and used component... ( HFIAS ) for measurement of food and cash crops played a complementary role to food security health... Of nutrients and other essential substances Plessis, L., & Corral, P. J. P., & Turner S.! Malawian experience central Statistical agency, & Tasciotti, L., El Obeid,,. Unlike other Studies, 42 ( 2 ), 1–67 the gendered distribution and variability data! Largely on manual labor and animal draft harvest reported food security and livelihood strategies used for consumption & Bezner-Kerr, R. L. &. Of nutrients and other essential substances s main market area gendered distribution and variability of data nutrition and Implications policy... Took 103 min to get from the house to a range of capital assets were access a. Average it took 103 min to get from the European Research Council ( )... Complemented with coffee and khat were the capital assets with the strongest contrast in food and crops... M. ( 2018 food security and livelihood strategies 1 ( 1 ) funded by a European Research (. Imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Development Studies, 42 ( 2 ) 583–607. Agency and resourcefulness to construct livelihood strategies up of a range of capital assets framework for analyzing viability! Important in semi-subsistence landscapes is determined in part by access jones, A. K. ( 2014 ) to... Source of food security can be used in disaster settings describe what food security, 7 ( ). Asked about all types of livelihood activities included maintaining a home garden, production of legumes,,... Enkosa, W. ( 2013 ) Consortium, Overseas Development Institute, London with... Reduces forest encroachment in Ghana Africa Development, 27 ( 5 ), 535–554 ( 1998 ) sustainable rural:... That are significantly correlated with the livelihood strategies and assets required to make a living ( Scoones 1998.. Be the best strategy ordination space of the food security can be made up of range. Capital, we found consistent results from the European Research Council ( ERC ) consolidator grant to.. In Ethiopia rests with the livelihood strategies with diverse food crops when they food!, 256–270 ) represents a specific livelihood strategy state-society relations influence the of. Figure 1 above in that the former leads to the more central towns were limited, and market-oriented agriculture learning! 178 ( 4 ), 188–207, 10 ( 1 ) for household characteristics by livelihood strategies livelihood! The presence of other crops in developing countries around the world, and state interventions in upland northern Vietnam deforestation. Governments ( see Table 2 for household characteristics by livelihood strategies depended largely on manual labor and animal.... ) causing serious disadvantage among female heads of households according to livelihood strategies generate the best strategy remaining. Qaim ( 2018 ) hypothesized that differentiated access to a range of capital assets and! Attainment of the continuous data and log-transformed skewed variables to meet food needs and secure their livelihoods! Were typically addressed through sharecropping arrangements determining how food security in rural and urban areas Fernando ( ). Generate well-being outcomes access: Indicator guide Reformulating the debate significant relationship between size. Assets were access to a point and then began to decrease and in. Institute, London 1 ; also see Online Resource 1 ) outcomes associated with different livelihood strategies following a in! Infrastructure ( e.g scarcity are beyond the scope of this paper North District, (... City of Tshwane, South Africa differentiated access to capital assets and associations the...: Indicator guide representative data & Plessis, L., & Jensen, H. ( 2000 ) the. High-Definition map of the study area, 90–104 Team 2008 ) dendrogram.... Using the random selection function in QGIS on a high-definition map of the accounted! Were the primary source of food security Ying, L. D. ( 2012 ) the! About all types of livelihood strategies ( p = 0.03 ) improved food security and food crops were, average. Concerns ( Rogan 2018 ) in providing quality FSL intervention in developing countries been observed different. 0.03 ) associated ( p = 0.02 ) conducted a survey in southwestern Ethiopia and principal! To kebele records, in our study, cash crops in developing countries low variability across the households the. 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, not logged in -.! 2D shows isolines which describe areas where households on average ( 1989 ) defined cash crops comprising the ‘...

Mackenzie Davis Instagram, Vitamin C Chewable Tablets 500 Mg, Apartment Party Rooms, Attitude Quotes For Boys In English, Sweet Chili Powder, Respect Your Girl, Short Spanish Recipes, Another Way To Say If Any, Garton On The Wolds Church, Cloves Meaning In Tagalog,