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Traditional theory,IIt says the caste system is an extension of the varna system, where the 4 varnas originated from the body of Bramha. Where’s on the other hand Caste system … ... Untouchable Outcasts and the Varna System. But it was so ingrained in our social fabric that it was next to impossible to change the situation on ground. They play a very powerful role in present-day, Indian society. The Indian Varna system (caste system), which is often painted negatively and presented likewise even in school textbooks, is perhaps one of the most misinterpreted social hierarchies of the world. Usually, the Kshatriyas collaborated with the Brahmins as they governed over their empire. According to S. A Nigosian in World Religions, the caste system, “Is its (India) system of social stratification”(Nigosian 136). These were the most discriminated and exploited ones; all the four Varnas maintained distance from them. According to this theory, the varna originated with the arrival of Aryans in India around 1500 BC. This paper traces the origin of such a system via the Western, Brahmanical and Marxist theories and provides a critical analysis of the same. The Four Varna system of ancient India was originally based upon the idea of an organic social order that remains relevant today. Most of these changes took place between 800 BC and 500 BC when constant social and economic complexities emerged as new challenges for Varna-based allocation of duties. The problems of India’s caste system are the same as those of social inequality everywhere in the world, rooted in ego, money and power, not in the yogic values and dharmic practices. Literally ‘Varna’ means colour and originates from the world ‘Vri’ meaning the choice of one’s occupation. Caste System (varna) The hierarchy of the Hindus that began as far as 2000 B.C.,is one of the things that greatly distinguish it from other religions. - [Instructor] In any textbook overview of Hinduism you will quickly encounter the caste system, and the caste system is the notion that people are born into the roles that they have to play in society. Also, this theory is not backed up by scientific evidences. It could be rightly said that the upper echelon of the Indian Society promoted varna system which evolved into the caste system as a basis to command order and have a direct or indirect control over the society. This theory is opposed by some sections which believe it to be an attempt to divide Indians into sub groups namely that of Dravidians and Aryans and thus weaken our national integrity. It has had several exploitative and discriminatory effects on our social order throughout the ages. Four basic categories are defined under this system - Brahmins (priests, teachers, intellectuals), Kshatriyas (warriors, kings, administrators), Vaishyas (agriculturalists, traders, farmers ) and Shudras (workers, labourers, artisans). All the privileges were for Brahmanas and Kshatriyas. Like any branch of knowledge, the essential requirement of History is the pursuit of truth. Today, I will be resolving a few of the misconceptions about it with more in-depth information on it. The term caste was first used by Portuguese travelers who came to India in the 16th century. It is very formal, rigid and well defined system. Now here's another quote from B.R. The Rigveda portrays the classes as coming forth from, respectively, the mouth, arms, thighs, and feet of the primeval person. "Some men say that they should be satisfied "with the abolition of untouchability only, "leaving the caste system alone. What is called caste today should not be confused with it. Varna System in Ancient India was based on occupation, but with time it turned to a rigid caste system. To Gandhi, the rigid ‘varna’ system and the social and religious disabilities imposed by Manusmiriti were not acceptable. Jana → Jati → Caste The word caste derives from the Spanish and Portuguese “casta”, means 'race, lineage, or breed'. It is not just about the way how society is structured but also it has become a part of a man’s identity. Under this system, which is associated with Hinduism, people were categorized by their occupations. When the Aryans conquered India, they suppressed and enslaved the dashuds who were dark in colour (varna meaning colour). The philosophical justification of the Varna system is agreed upon in the Upanishads. Varna is a fundamental concept underlying the Hindu society. It’s a big shame that even in a 21st century and in this age and time when human society has so progressed scientifically that people are planning to buy lands on planet Mars, Indian society believes in a system as archaic as the caste system. 15 (4) and (5)), and in appointments for posts in favour of SCs (Art. Thus caste is based upon birth while Varna is on action. Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya and Sudra. Its origin, evolution and existence are peculiar to India. As far as theory of origin of caste system is concerned, the religious theory explains that according the Rig Veda, which is one of the most sacred religious texts of Hindus, different Varnas were created from different parts of the primal Purusha’s (the First Person) body; the Brahmans were created from his head, the Kshatrias from his hands, the Vaishias from his thighs and the Sudras from his feet. The Four Varna System reflects a deep ecological and yogic vision of social and universal unity very different from the divisive idea of caste by birth. This project will seek to trace the origin of the Varna system via three different theories namely the Western theory, the Brahmanical theory and the Marxist theory. google_ad_client = "ca-pub-6070398767421094"; Varna is a hyponym of caste. 16 (4), 16(4A), 16(4B) and Art. There is strict restriction on inter-dining and inter-marriage among people belonging to different castes. Thus, it becomes very important to understand its origin. Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra. }); Copyright White Planet Technologies Pvt. But similar to the caste system, class system also differentiates or stratifies different social groups on the basis of their standing in the society. The caste system became legally rigid during the Raj, when the British started to enumerate castes during their ten-year census and meticulously codified the system. Caste or Varna System is a purely Indian phenomenon and especially it is practiced among Hindus, though with time, as far as India is considered, other religions such as Islam, Sikhism, Christianity etc. google_ad_height = 250; First of all the Preamble to the Constitution envisions India as a nation where socio-economic and political justice is there; where there will be equality of status and opportunity and where dignity of the individual is secured. It has origins in ancient India, and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval, early-modern, and modern India, especially the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. Most academic papers or news reports or websites that discuss the current caste system open with the four varnas and the untouchables and hasten to talk of smritis, dharmashastras etc. To make this point clearer, I will show specific examples where the prevailing ideas of a caste … Caste system in India is so rigidly deep-rooted in its socio-cultural and religious life that it now almost has God-given approval behind it. Many believe that the groups originated from Brahma, the Hindu God of creation. And in things like inter-marriage the caste system is still taken reasonably seriously by a large portion of the Hindu population. Given that Rigveda is one of the primary authoritative text in Hinduism and considered absolute truth, if Varna system is really a basis of the caste based discrimination, then it is clear that caste system has deep roots in Hinduism philosophy. The social order of varna or caste (varna krama) is still a very sensitive subject in Hinduism and Hindu community. About Varna: In ancient India there was a concept of Varnashrama (वर्णाश्रम) wherein, besides 4 Ashramas, there were 4 Varnas or a primary broad classification based on occupations and attributes and each Varna had the duty of serving all the Varnas above it. Next strata consist of the Kshatriyas, the ruling class and soldiers. Portuguese employed casta in the modern sense when they applied it to hereditary Indian social groups called as ‘jati’ in India. We would like to take some respite from this oft-trampled path of inquiry and try to gauge what varna could possibly mean and what it could signify. The problems of India’s caste system are the same as those of social inequality everywhere in the world, rooted in ego, money and power, not in the yogic values and dharmic practices. This … With the advent of the Aryans, the ancient Indian society got divided into four sections - Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra. As already been explained it is much like the western concept of racism, it can also be compared with the Class System of European continent. The system is still continuing in India as a well-established and sacred customary rule and is followed by almost everyone regardless of their economic or social status. But according to the Manusmriti, the caste system in India was, in the beginning, a system of prescribing codes of conduct for people to suit the requirements of their occupation. Jayasthiti Malla (1382–1395) categorized Newars into 64 castes (Gellner 2001). google_ad_width = 300; The concept of ‘caste’ and ‘caste System’ is often equated to the Hindu scriptural concept of ‘varna’, and it is alleged that the latter provides a religious basis and a justification for the former. Social justice was one of the main objectives of our Constitution. 2. The laws are clearly against discrimination of any kind, but they are not uniformly or co… google_ad_slot = "1982849078"; However, not much has happened on the ground. The caste stratification of the Indian society was based on the 'Chaturvarna System' or simply 'Varna System' during the Vedic period (around 1500 and 800 bc.). These discriminatory practices against so-called Sudras are still prevalent in our society in large measure. Ambedkar. Vaishya varna is a Sanskrit term that refers to the third of the four social groups in the Indian caste, or varna, system.Vaishya translates as “settler” or “homesteader” and derives from a word that means “to live.”Traditionally, the Vaishya varna was composed of people who worked in agriculture, trade and commerce. also adopted some trappings of it. They were ‘untouchables’, the outcastes; because they were not considered part of any of the said four Varnas. /* India Celebrating_300*250_New */ Thus, when India got independence and the Constitution was being framed, our founding fathers were of the opinion that such provisions should be added in the text which would lessen the ills of caste system and bring about equality in social field. a person’s social status is defined on the basis of his/her caste in which he/she took birth and that is the sole criterion of establishing his/her social status. Four basic categories are defined under this system - Brahmins (priests, teachers, intellectuals), Kshatriyas (warriors, kings, administrators), Vaishyas (agriculturalists, traders, farmers) and Shudras (workers, labourers, artisans). Unlike class system, cast system does not allow any person to move from one caste to another. Because law can provide protection from exploitation but it cannot bring attitudinal change in so-called upper castes. If there is one indisputable towering figure for every Hindu, it is undeniably Maharshi Vyasa. We should not look at India’s current caste makeup as representing the original four Varna system, or its current caste problems as caused by the ancient Varna order. The biggest problem in abolishing and removing this menace from the society is the in general social acceptability of the same. In Hinduism, the Varna System was based on class, colour, guna and yoga. The … The skin color was an important factor in the caste system as the word varna itself refers to color. We are a team of passionate writers and writing for many years. The varna system was devised to serve this purpose. By using the term both for caste (that is jati) and Varna, as also for caste and sub-caste, a good deal of confusion has been created. Varna’s are only four in number i.e. However, this theory has no doctrinal proof to back it up in any form. Though the younger generation is discarding such social norms but still the system is well-entrenched in our socio-religious beliefs. The later Vedic people took to agriculture on a large scale and produced enough cereals to enable the princes to perform sacrifices and reward their priests. As the later Vedic phase was based on agriculture and the limited use of iron, it marked the transition of the tribal states into territorial states and the gradual disintegration of the society into class and occupational groupings. The varna system illustrates the spirit of comprehensive synthesis, characteristic of the ancient Indian mind with its faith in the collaboration of races and the cooperation of cultures. There have been various social movements and notable social reformers who have all through their lives worked to abolish this discriminatory system solely based on birth. Our ancient brahmanas who were became dominant in the Aryan society were the root cause of Varna and caste system. The exclusion of the Shudras from the religious rites of the Aryans may have been due to an antipathy between the Aryans and the non-Aryans which was more social and political than racial. In the caste hierarchy, the dark skinned were outcasts. Thus, it becomes very important to understand its origin. Recently, a path breaking study by Harvard and indigenous researchers on ancestral Indian population says there is a genetic relationship between all Indians and more importantly, the hitherto believed “fact” that Aryans and Dravidian signify the ancestry of north and south Indians might after all, be a myth. //-->. Varna is the precursor to caste or jati. As nouns the difference between caste and varna is that caste is any of the hereditary social classes and subclasses of south asian societies while varna is (hinduism) any of the four original castes in hinduism, or the system of such castes. It is a hereditary system; thus, a child gets the caste of his father on its birth. Hinduism - Hinduism - Castes: The origin of the caste system is not known with certainty. Mixing of castes was also considered a part of the declining interest in Varna system. [7] [8] Jāti may be translated as caste, and refers to birth. Krishna thus says in the Gita: “The four-fold order was created by me on the basis of quality (guna) and action (karma). This research essay will cover the origins and the lower half of the Castes including Vaishyas, Sudras, and the Untouchables. The project will analyze these theories in detail and provide a critical review of them. The term jati appears in almost all Indian languages and is related to the idea of lineage or kinship group. It’s like a designation given to you without your asking for it. However there were various social reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy who devoted their lives for the upliftment of these downtrodden people, various reform movements were there to abolish the caste system. The Caste System of India A Very Rudimentary Summary Background The caste system in India is an important part of ancient Hindu tradition and dates back to 1200 BCE. The other critiques of this theory say that as evident from the Vedas the active opposition between Aryans and Dashuds was not due to colour but due to the difference of cults. VARNA/CASTE SYSTEM AND DHARMASHASTRAS The former President of India S. Radhakrishnan in his book “The Hindu View of Life” presented a fascinating picture of Hindu society. 14), and enjoins upon the State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds of caste (Art. They are labourers, peasants, artisans, and servants. The Varna system in Dharma-shastras divides society into four varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishya and Shudras). This paved a way for the rise of a class-based and state-based society in which the religious and governing wings of the ruling class could collect taxes, tributes and tithes. The Marxist theory seems to be the most probable theory of the origin of varna system. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
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