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The tailbone in human beings is so-named because it is a homologous structure to the beginning of many animals' tails, such as monkeys. Cats are limber and gymnasts they can hope, jump, and stretch to get about anywhere. However, the front limbs of all three animals—as well as humans—have the same basic underlying bone structure. Bat - Bat - Form and function: Bats are mammals with front limbs modified for flight. Eventually, the bones performed different functions in each type of animal. Sharks and bony fish do not. AQUATIC ADAPTATION In aquatic animals such as dolphins and whales, limb is shortened to form a flipper. Radius is thin and long and ulna is reduced to vestiges. The hips and legs are slender, as they do not usually support any body weight. Each front foot has five metacarpal bones, and each hind foot has four metatarsal bones. For example, birds and bats both have wings, while mice and crocodiles do not. Toes – Cats have five toes (phalanges) on the front (foreleg), one of these toes is the dewclaw which sits higher up on the foot and does not come into contact with the ground. Color code each of the bones according to this key: Humerus [] Carpals [] Ulna [] Metacarpals [] Radius [] Phalanges [] A common example of morphological homology is evident in the skeletal structure of the front limbs of vertebrates like humans, cats, whales, bats, porpoises, horses, frogs, etc. In bats four of the digits are thin and exceedingly long to support the modified skin called patagium, while the first digit bears a large curved claw for clinging on to the branches. The skeleton of a generalised bat is shown below. The ancestor of tetrapods evolved four limbs, and its descendents have inherited that feature — so the presence of four limbs is a homology. Bats use their front limbs to fly, whales use them to swim, and cats use them to run and climb. Looking a little closer, we will find that some bats have developed an extra bone on the hind limbs near the ankle. Birds, bats, mice, and crocodiles all have four limbs. Each animal has a similar set of bones. The animals manipulate these limbs in much the same way the cat does, able to flex and bend to suit its needs. For example, all mammals have front limbs that look quite different and are used for different purposes. The chest and shoulders are large and well-muscled to provide power to the wings. Over millions of years, changes occurred in the limb bones. Color code each of the bones according to this key: For each animal, indicate what type of movement each limb is responsible for. The structure and order of bones of a human arm are similar to those of the front limbs of a cat, a dolphin, and a bat. Wing shape, governed by the relative lengths of the forearm and the fingers, varies greatly, in adaptation to flight characteristics. These similarities suggest that cats, dolphins, bats, and humans had a common ancestor. Cat limbs help them move from place to place. The bat and whale have "fingers" that have extended into a wing and fin, respectively. Comparative Anatomy Shown below are images of the skeletal structure of the front limbs of 6 animals: human, crocodile, whale, cat, bird, and bat. Feet (excluding toes) – Cats have metacarpals in their front legs and metatarsals in their hind legs. Comparative anatomy of the bones in the front limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats. Biogeography, the study of living things around the globe, helps solidify Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. Bats, whales, and many other animals have very similar homologous structures, demonstrating that these creatures all had a common ancestor. Not all characters are homologies. The most obvious changes are of course in the greatly elongated bones of the fore limbs, particualrly the metacarpals and phalanges. 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